LUKS Encrypted ZFS on Debian Buster
Posted: 2019-07-09 09:06:41 by Alasdair Keyes
I've been interested in running ZFS for a while but have always held off making the leap due to worries about features and stability. ZFS was originally developed for Solaris and has been ported over to Linux by the ZFS on Linux (ZoL) project https://zfsonlinux.org/.
Recently ZoL 0.8 was released with native encryption which is really a must. Unfortunately the latest Debian release 'Buster' only has 0.7.12 so the native encryption feature isn't available.
I've been experimenting with a Virtualbox VM to develop and test a suitable setup that I would be happy with on my production hardware.
My existing production setup runs Debian Stretch using Linux software Raid with LUKS Encryption on top and running ext4 as a filesystem.
For this test setup I'm using Virtualbox with 4x 2GB disks for ZFS with Striped/Mirrored configuration, it's essentially ZFS's version of RAID 10. For a configuration like this you should ensure you have at least 2GB RAM, I did try with 1GB however the LUKS encrypted devices were failing to startup at boot with out of memory errors. Debian 'Buster' is the OS.
The Disk setup is
-
/dev/sdastores/andswap. -
/dev/sdbZFS disk 1 -
/dev/sdcZFS disk 2 -
/dev/sddZFS disk 3 -
/dev/sdeZFS disk 4
Setup process
- Install Debian Buster and make sure it's fully updated on first boot
apt update && apt upgrade -y
- Add in the contrib repos by adding
contribto the Debian apt repo list in/etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian buster main contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian buster main contrib
- Install dependencies
apt update && apt install dpkg-dev linux-headers-amd64 cryptsetup -y
- Install ZFS
This can take some time, make a cup of tea.
apt install zfs-dkms zfsutils-linux -y
- Setup LUKS encryption on the raw devices. Each time you will be asked to confirm that you want to overwrite the device and also enter a password for the device twice.
cryptsetup -y luksFormat /dev/sdb
cryptsetup -y luksFormat /dev/sdc
cryptsetup -y luksFormat /dev/sdd
cryptsetup -y luksFormat /dev/sde
- Setup LUKS initialization on boot
Get the UUID for each LUKS device
# ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid/
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Jul 9 08:55 0af47096-987d-41b5-b5a7-98827850f46d -> ../../sda1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Jul 9 08:55 5888dfc8-4df0-410e-8aec-992aad7abd97 -> ../../sdc
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Jul 9 08:55 abd4a557-de16-4ecd-ab73-e4d41293dcf4 -> ../../sde
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Jul 9 08:55 e2f1931b-2413-4181-9500-baad1a74c12d -> ../../sdd
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Jul 9 08:55 edc129d6-dc90-4338-bc2e-9476843ff41f -> ../../sdb
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Jul 9 08:55 fc1b09a1-41e2-4503-8c4f-d2e532dea5aa -> ../../sda5
Update the /etc/crypttab file with your disk configuration, it should look similar to this, the target name can be any unique name that you want.
# <target name> <source device> <key file> <options>
sdb_crypt UUID=edc129d6-dc90-4338-bc2e-9476843ff41f none luks
sdc_crypt UUID=5888dfc8-4df0-410e-8aec-992aad7abd97 none luks
sdd_crypt UUID=e2f1931b-2413-4181-9500-baad1a74c12d none luks
sde_crypt UUID=abd4a557-de16-4ecd-ab73-e4d41293dcf4 none luks
As you can see the UUID mapping in /dev/disk/by-uuid is mapped against a unique name for device mapper.
- Reboot the system
This isn't required, however it's good to ensure that your LUKS setup is correct before proceeding. You will be asked for your LUKS passwords on boot. Once you log back in again, you should be able to run the following ls and see the LUKS devices are initialized correctly
$ ls -l /dev/mapper/
total 0
crw------- 1 root root 10, 236 Jul 9 08:55 control
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Jul 9 08:55 sdb_crypt -> ../dm-0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Jul 9 08:55 sdc_crypt -> ../dm-1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Jul 9 08:56 sdd_crypt -> ../dm-3
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 7 Jul 9 08:55 sde_crypt -> ../dm-2
- Setup your ZFS pool
You will sometimes get a warning that the zfs kernel module isn't loaded, just follow the instructions and run...
modprobe zfs
This will only need to be run once, once a pool is configured the module will be loaded automatically.
# zpool create pool01 mirror /dev/mapper/sdb_crypt /dev/mapper/sdc_crypt mirror /dev/mapper/sdd_crypt /dev/mapper/sde_crypt
Check the setup
# zpool status
pool: pool01
state: ONLINE
scan: none requested
config:
NAME STATE READ WRITE CKSUM
pool01 ONLINE 0 0 0
mirror-0 ONLINE 0 0 0
sdb_crypt ONLINE 0 0 0
sdc_crypt ONLINE 0 0 0
mirror-1 ONLINE 0 0 0
sdd_crypt ONLINE 0 0 0
sde_crypt ONLINE 0 0 0
errors: No known data errors
- Reboot the system again.
Rebooting again will ensure that everything is configured and the LUKS devices are brought up before ZFS mounts the pool, otherwise you will end up with ZFS errors and the pool won't load.
Run zpool status again and you should see the same output as above. If the LUKS devices fail to initialize and none of the devices are available, you will see an error about no pool available.
If only some of the LUKS devices fail to initialize you will see the state being something other than ONLINE and you can check dmesg or /var/log/kern.log for information as to why.
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Security first, "they" are watching
Posted: 2019-07-02 09:15:22 by Alasdair Keyes
I recently registered a new .uk domain, and setup a basic website on behalf of a client. I checked the logs to see how long it took for it to be accessed without me having to advertise it's presence. The timeline is
- 11.55 - Domain registered.
- 12.18 - DNS configured and HTTP/HTTPS website online
-
17:09 - First website access -
X.X.X.X - - [28/Jun/2019:17:09:47 +0100] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 301 178 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.12; rv:52.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/33.0"
The site uses a name-based virtualhost so the visitor had to specifically request the domain rather than just hitting port 80/443 on the server IP. Within ~6 hours of registration, the domain was already being scanned. What's of further interest is that at 17:09 at the same second two separate IPs both hit the index page for the first time, indicating it was likely a bot doing a coordinated scan of new sites.
As far as I know the domain hadn't been registered for a while (if ever) and as .uk domains don't release new registrations, the most likely way for bots/people to be aware of the new website was from the HTTPS Certificate Transparency logs. If you're unaware, every new secure certificate that's issued is published to a public log, these can be searched via a number of sites such as https://crt.sh/ (and you can see all certificates issued for akeyes.co.uk here https://crt.sh/?q=akeyes.co.uk).
The take-away from this is that you should be aware that nothing goes unnoticed on the web anymore, if you're setting up a new website, ensure that it is secure from the get-go. Make sure passwords are changed from defaults and are secure and ensure software is up-to-date as bots will be looking to exploit it, this is especially important for popular CMS apps like Wordpress.
As an aside, I found it interesting that Bing had crawled the domain within 24 hours, and Google has yet still to visit.
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Wireguard
Posted: 2019-06-26 08:38:57 by Alasdair Keyes
Last year I made a post on Wireguard and wrote a Nagios plugin to allow monitoring of connected peers. I mentioned that I would likely do a post about my thoughts on Wireguard later, and here it is...
Before I begin, this isn't a copy and past piece about how it's a slim code base and listing off the encryption algos, that is all important, but is covered in-depth in every article about Wireguard on the internet. This is viewed from a more user/admin point of view.
I will also refer to Server/Client paradigm however Wireguard seems to only operate on the idea of Peers, essentially, a "Server" would be a server with lots of peers connecting and routing traffic through it and a "Client" would be a Peer that connects to a single (or limited number) of peers and routes some/all of it's traffic across the interface.
It should be noted that this is tested using Debian Linux. Wireguard is available for lesser operating systems.
The Good
- Clear and limited encryption
Moving on from the fact that I won't just list off the protocols it uses internally, Wireguard's use of limited encryption algorithms, ciphers etc means that as a sysadmin, I know that I can not actively downgrade or harm my VPN's security.
With tools like OpenVPN, having a range of ciphers and ability to choose different key lengths is good, but at some point I will forget to update these and eventually be running it with a key size that's too small or a cipher that has a known flaw. Large companies may security review their setups regularly but small companies or personal users will most likely not.
This does lead to the potential problem of one vulnerability potentially affecting all Wireguard installs due to similar configuration, however this can occur with any software and I don't have to worry that my lack of knowledge or ability are actively making the tunnel less secure than it should be.
Other nice extras are that Wireguard operates on asymmetric cryptography with public/private keys but also gives the option of a pre-shared key per-client for extra security (especially for say post-quantum world) and it also offers Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) so even if private keys are leaked previous session data is still secure.
- Ease of end user configuration.
The client (or 'peer' in Wireguard parlance) configuration file is very light weight. Often less than 10 lines of config, Private/Public and optional pre-shared keys are all included in-line in the file and are very small. No more need to hand out CA certs, private keys etc on top of config files to users.
The config file can also contain PreUp, PostUp etc. type commands to enable firewall changes or other relevant tasks that should be performed so you don't have to find ingenious ways of hooking it in with other things on your system.
Versions of Gnome Network Manager have support for Wireguard making configuration even easier for the non-tech savvy.
- Tooling
This part is quite impressive and well thought out. Wireguard config is stored in a single file and can either be edited directly in the file if the interface is down, or configured in realtime using the wg tool when the interface is up (You have the option as to whether these changes are persisted or temporary until the interface is brought down).
The tools and man pages have great detail and are easy to follow and the general amount of limited options mean that there's not too much to get wrong with configuration.
There is also a wg-quick tool which will bring up interfaces and configure default routing for you too.
Having the functionality for editing config via CLI is great for automation. I built a puppet module this weekend to configure a Wireguard server and the wg and wg-quick tools were invaluable.
The Bad
- Security reviews
As far as I know Wireguard hasn't been security reviewed. This is not surprising, it's still in development and it takes a lot of time and effort for software to be reviewed but it will be interesting to see the results when it finally does happen.
- No definite connection numbers
Due to the connection-less way Wireguard works there is not defined list of peers that are connected/unconnected. The server knows how long it has been since a handshake has occurred and started a new PFS session with peers but not if a peer is actually connected. This is also in part due to the use of UDP (Tunnelling TCP over TCP has some problems so UDP is best here). Connection information can be extrapolated (as the Nagios plugin does), but it would be nice to know how many connections there are. Connection numbers can be a good way of knowing early on if there are any problems.
- 'Nameless' peers
When viewing the output of Wireguard's configuration all peers are defined only by their public key. This is good for providing some level of anonymity, but if you were running a large organisation with a lot of Wireguard peers, it would be handy to have a nice-name field to indicate either a particular real-world person or perhaps the data-centre that is on the other end of the interface. This can be added into the config file as a comment, but it would be nice to see it added as an optional extra in the config.
The stuff I'm too lazy to properly look into
Wireguard is touted as being very fast due to both it's slim code and the way it's designed to operate.
My VPN servers generally don't have too many users so I can't make a direct useful comparison. The Client's network speed seemed neither faster or slower than an OpenVPN connection. If I had done some in-depth checks I may have seen a reduction in CPU/RAM/Network use, but really, who has the time?
All in all I like Wireguard and plan on moving to it soon. Maybe in tandem with my existing VPN software until I have confidence that it is suitable.
I've written a puppet configuration to roll out once I'm ready. The only thing holding me back is waiting for my desktop OS to ship Network Manager with a Wireguard plugin so I can play nicely with my general network configuration.
There are a million articles on line for how to get Wireguard up and running and if you use VPNs I would suggest at least looking in to it.
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PHP Design Pattern Code Implementations
Posted: 2019-03-15 22:06:15 by Alasdair Keyes
I was refreshing my memory on the Bridge pattern (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_pattern) for some code I was writing and I came across this Github repo https://github.com/domnikl/DesignPatternsPHP with PHP implementations of many common design patterns.
It's well worth bookmarking for when you need to brush up or even use as a framework for implementing them.
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Updating Skills
Posted: 2019-02-15 15:51:23 by Alasdair Keyes
Anyone who works in the modern corporate environment is well aware that the landscape changes quickly and that it's very easy to become complacent, resting on previous experience and not updating your skill-set for the future.
This is why I have undertaken the Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks bear identification test to hone my ursine identification skills. With a quite staggering 86.7% accuracy, I am able to identify the difference between the types of bear found in Montana and surrounding states.
I have never been to Montana, I have no plans to visit Missoula or Great Falls. But I know that should I ever get caught in the North-Western wilderness of the United States I will be able to fall back on my above-par identification skills.
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Computerphile
Posted: 2019-01-19 16:01:55 by Alasdair Keyes
I think I've linked to Computerphile videos in the past, but they definitely deserve it's own post.
Computerphile is a Youtube channel created (I believe) some staff/faculty at Nottingham University.
They release regular videos for both beginners and experts, explaining everything from how recently announced vulnerabilities work, through to low-level assembly and CPU operations. It's taught me a lot e.g. how Face ID works and how double-ratchet message encryption is employed to keep tools like Whatsapp and Signal secure, to name just two.
If it's the kind of thing that tickles your fancy it's quite a rabbit hole so wait until you have a spare Sunday afternoon and get to it.
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RedirectToken for Laravel
Posted: 2019-01-17 17:01:47 by Alasdair Keyes
A while back I wrote a library to easily allow creation of redirect URLs on the fly called redirecttoken https://gitlab.com/alasdairkeyes/redirecttoken/.
It was a cleaner implementation of a setup I used on this site to see what links visotors are clicking.
After I migrated my site from Slim to Laravel about 2 months ago, I created a Laravel Service Provider to easily port this functionality into my new site. This has also just been released at https://gitlab.com/alasdairkeyes/redirecttoken-laravel/.
A basic config is configurable through the .env file so no need for any additional coding to add it to your Laravel install.
Both packages are on Packagist and can be installed using composer.
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Gitlab Private vs. Public Heatmaps
Posted: 2019-01-10 15:51:18 by Alasdair Keyes
My Gitlab public vs private heatmaps. It looks rather pitiful but I promise, I have been coding!
** Private Heatmap **
** Public Heatmap **
I've got a few more OS projects in the pipeline so this should look a bit healthier
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Fun Linux Videos
Posted: 2018-11-25 23:31:45 by Alasdair Keyes
I'm not quite sure how (I think it was probably via Hacker News) but I came across the Youtube channel of Bryan Lunduke. https://www.youtube.com/user/BryanLunduke/
I don't really have any idea who he is, but he apparently gives a lot of talks at Linux North West conferences in the US. They're mainly a lighthearted and humourous look at Linux/Operating Systems and software in general. This includes what appears to be a decade long series of talks entitled "Linux Sucks".
As this weekend was fairly slow I got through a few of his videos, some of which I've listed below. Well worth checking out.
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TVHcdgrqbHE - Linux Sucks Forever
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjDQtNYxtbU - The complete history of Linux (abridged)
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_e6BKJPnb5o - programmers_are_evil()
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tabVaoeNtdk - They're watching you
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPbAXKMCDkY - Linux is freaking weird
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The Future Is Bright
Posted: 2018-10-22 15:57:09 by Alasdair Keyes
Just what every right-minded developer has wanted. Perl in the browser!
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© Alasdair Keyes
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